What challenges do people face in response to the long-term use of face masks?

BACKGROUND: The world is ceaselessly adapting to the ever-changing circumstances surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, and face masks have become a part of our daily routine. Considering the fact that face masks are here to stay, there are challenges people experience regarding wearing them. In this descriptive study, we aimed to investigate the frequent outcomes of long-term use of face masks in the general population. METHODS: Twenty-five nursing students who attended the university wearing face masks owing to the current pandemic were selected. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed according to the qualitative content analysis according to the Graneheim and Lundman method. RESULTS: The mean current age of the students was 20 (standard deviation [SD] = 2.5) years, and 60% of the students were women. The two main themes that emerged during data analysis were: 1. Physical health related problems, which included 3 categories; a) skin reactions, b) respiratory consequences, and c) visual complaints 2. Socioeconomic problems, including the 3 categories of; a) communication failure, b) personal style and appearance, and c) economic factors. CONCLUSION: We support the necessity of face masks for a safe reopening of communities. Considering their advantages, some basic measurements are necessary to reduce the abovementioned concerns.

Benefits and adverse events of melatonin use in the elderly (Review).

Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in accordance with the circadian rhythm when the light level decreases. Reduction of melatonin secretion with age may be associated with physiological aging in neurodegenerative diseases by affecting the suprachiasmatic nucleus or of the neuronal pathways of transmission to the pineal gland. A significant decrease in melatonin synthesis has been reported in various disorders and diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders (particularly diabetes type 2), cancer and endocrine diseases. In addition to the fact, that melatonin is a sleep inducer, it also exerts cytoprotective properties as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger. The therapeutic role of melatonin has been demonstrated in sleep disorders, eye damage and cardiovascular disease. The association between melatonin and ß-blockers has had a positive impact on sleep disorders in clinical trials. Previous studies have reported the anti-inflammatory effect of melatonin by adjusting levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1ß and tumor necrosis factor-α. Melatonin treatment has been demonstrated to decrease IL-6 and IL-10 expression levels and efficiently attenuate T-cell proliferation. Currently, there is an inconsistency of scientific data regarding the lowest optimal dose and safety of melatonin for long-term use. The aim of the present review was to summarize the evidence on the role of melatonin in various clinical conditions and highlight the future research in this area.